About Khalel Dosmukhamedov
Bilingual website (Kazakh, English) dedicated to the life and work of Khalel Dosmukhamedov. - https://www.dosmukhameduly.kz/ .
KH. DOSMUKHAMEDOV - CITIZEN, ACTIVIST, SCIENTIST
Khalel Dosmukhamedov - Mashakov was born on April 24, 1883 on the bank of the river Zharypshykkan in the sands of Taisoigan Kyzylkogin district of Atyrau region (former Guryev).
Khalel's father Mashak (1850-1909), son of Baynak (1783-1885), came from the Tumash family of the Berish tribe, and his mother Aiken was a people of her time endowed with high spirituality.
Khalel began his education with a village mullah, then received his primary education at a one-class Russian-Kirghiz school in the town of Oyil (Kokzhar), and later, in 1903, graduated with honours from a real school in Orenburg. In the same year he entered the Imperial Military Medical Academy in St Petersburg, from which he graduated with honours on 17 November 1909, receiving the degree of Doctor of Medicine.
During his studies at the Academy, Khalel received scholarships of the State Counselor of Adiung and the Maritime Department.
From May 8 to August 31, 1909 he worked in the district zemstvo hospital of the Morchansky section of Cherdynsky uyezd, Perm province, combining two responsible positions, which corresponds to the modern industrial practice of graduates of higher educational institutions.
On 29 November 1909, by Order No. 51, he was appointed junior doctor to the 2nd Turkestan Rifle Battalion, where he served until April 1910.
From 18 April 1910 to 5 March 1913 he served as a military doctor in the 2nd Military Department of the Ural Cossack Troops in the fortresses of Ilbishin and Kalmykov, first as a junior and then as a senior doctor. He was then released from military service and transferred to civilian work.
From 1913 to 1919 he officially worked as a district doctor in Temir County.
During the First Russian Revolution (1905-1907), he participated in the Congress of Delegates of Five Regions in Orenburg, where he was elected a member of the Central Committee of the first political organisation in the history of Kazakhstan - "Kazakh Constitutional Democratic Party".
On 19 April 1917, at the regional congress of Kazakhs in Orenburg, he was elected chairman of the Ural Regional Kazakh (Kyrgyz) Committee.
From 21 to 28 July and from 5 to 13 December 1917 he took part in the National (All-Kirghiz) Congresses in Orenburg. At the last congress, the governmental body "Alash-Orda" was established, in which Khalel held the post of zemstvo head until the establishment of Soviet power.
In May-June 1918, together with Zhansha, Dosmukhameduly attended the reception of Lenin and Stalin, where he received permission to create an autonomy of Kazakhstan and was paid 12 million rubles.
In May 1918 he set up an autonomous government, the 'Provisional Government of Oyil'.
On 11 September 1918, the "Provisional Government of Oyil" was dissolved and replaced by the "Western Branch of Alash-Orda" under the leadership of Zhansh and Khalel Dosmukhamedov.
In early 1920, the Alash-Orda government officially ceased to exist, and Khalel was brought in to work for the Soviet government.
From 1920 he taught at the Institute of Public Education in Tashkent, while also working as a resident in the clinic of the Medical Faculty of the University of Central Asia.
In 1921 he became the chairman of the Scientific Commission of the Turkestan Republic, in 1922 a member of the board of the People's Commissariat of Health, and from 20 November 1924 the head of the Medical and Sanitary Department of the People's Commissariat of Health.
On 18 April 1924, he was appointed chairman of the Central Commission for Combating Epidemics.
In 1923, he was a member of the Talap Society and editor-in-chief of the journal Sana.
From 1925 he headed the Eastern Department of Kazgosizdat.
In 1926 he became deputy rector of the Kazakh Pedagogical Institute, and in 1927-1928 he headed the Commission for the Organisation of the Kazakh State University. Until 1 October 1929 he held the post of Vice-Rector of the University.
In 1924 he was elected corresponding member of the Central Bureau of Local History of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, in 1927 he received the title of associate professor, in 1929 - professor.
He was actively involved in public work: he was a member of the Kazakhstan Society of Local History, a member of the scientific section of Rabpros, chairman of the terminology committee under the Kazakhstan government, etc.
As a result of Stalin's repressions, he was exiled to Voronezh on 14 September 1930.
After the period of exile (15 September 1935), he continued to work at the Voronezh Institute of Advanced Medical Education and headed the clinical and laboratory department of the city polyclinic.
However, at the height of Stalin's terror, he was arrested in Voronezh on 28 July 1938 and sentenced to death in Almaty on 23 April 1939.
Wife - Sagira Zhumagalieva
Children: Rabiga (1909), Әdilhan (Әlikhan) (1912), Saule (1913), Karashash, Tөle, Dәmetken (1928). They survived all the hardships of being "children of the enemy of the people", but thanks to their mother, Sagira, they received an education and became worthy members of society.
KHALEL DOSMUKHAMEDOV - SCIENTIST-DOCTOR
Khalel Dosmukhamedov selflessly fought the plague that swept southern Russia and western Kazakhstan.
He was instrumental in saving the Ilbisha, Temir and Taisoigan populations from mass extinction due to a plague epidemic.
Beginning in 1914, he published dozens of articles in the pages of the newspaper "Kazak", detailing the prevention of various diseases, their symptoms, methods of treatment and the medicines used.
His extensive article "Zhukpaly aurular" ("Infectious Diseases") was published in issues №60 and №602 of the newspaper "Kazak" for 1914.
On the basis of his work on plague control, he wrote the seminal work "How to Combat Plague among the Kazakh Population" (128 pages), which was published in Tashkent in 1924.
From 1920 Khalel worked as an assistant doctor at the hospital of the Medical Faculty of the Central Asian University in Tashkent.
In addition to teaching, he was Head of the Planning and Organisation Department of the Health Committee of the Kazakh ASSR.
In 1927 Kh. Dosmukhameduly received the title of associate professor in 1927 and professor in 1929.
In 1930 he was unjustly suppressed and sent into exile to Voronezh, where he taught at the Institute for Advanced Training of Doctors in the Department of Social Hygiene and Health Organisation until 1937.
KHALEL DOSMUHAMEDOV IS A HISTORIAN.
In 1923 in Tashkent, Khalel Dosmuhameduly wrote a scholarly commentary on the epic 'Kenesary-Nauryzbay' collected by Әbūbәkir Divayev and published it in a separate book. In this work he made a detailed analysis based on historical data.
He explained his aims as follows
- To prove the authenticity of the words of the poet Nysanbai, the author of the epic.
- To present the historical poem as a model for school education.
- To describe how the epic was handed down from generation to generation.
- To show an example of the publication of collected folk works.
He also commented on the names of historical figures, place names and obscure words, and gave a brief historical overview of Abylai Khan, Kasym Khan and Kenesary Kasymov.
Khalel Dosmuhamedov used in preparing the research:
- Shakarim's historical work,
- Akhmet tөre Kenesaryuly's work 'Kenesary and Sydyk tөre',
- Russian books about Turkestan and Zhetysu,
- Oral information from famous people of the time: Konyrkozha Kozhykuly, Mukhammetzhan Tynyshbayuly, Satarkul Dikanbayuly (grandson of Zhankarysh), Ishangali Aralbayuly, Әzimkhan Akhmetuly (grandson of Kenesary) and others.
He researched the largest popular uprisings of the XVIII-XIX centuries - Syrym Datuly, Isatay Taymanuly and Makhambet Utemisuly, Kenesary Kasymov. In his work "Brief Information on Isatay Taymanov's Movement" he gave a deep scientific analysis of the people's movements:
> The result of Isatai's rebellion was the relocation of 1869-1870. The fire Isatai lit smoldered for almost 40 years and then flared up again....
> But there was no unity among the rebels. There was no leader who could unite the entire Younger Juz. The rebel leaders - Alasha, Seyil, Baibakty, Berkin, Tabyn Aldash, Dauit, Shekti Yeset, Adai Isa - could not go beyond their own clan, could not take the rebellion to a wider level.
In this way, Khalel Dosmukhamedov scientifically substantiated the course and consequences of the century-long popular movement in the Younger Juz.
KHALEL IS A LITERARY SCHOLAR, FOLKLORIST, ETHNOGRAPHER
The scientist, who possessed outstanding research abilities, in his works "Sherniyaz sheshen" (1925), "Legend about the construction of madrasah Kөgiltash in Bukhara" (1927), The Chronicle of Batyr Zhalantus on the Construction of Madrasahs “Tillә-қari” and “Shirdar” in Samarkand (1926), compared folklore legends with historical and ethnographic data and paved his way in the study of the ancient history of our people.
The culmination of Khalel's work in the field of folklore is the essay "Literature of the Kazakh People" (1928). In this work he did an excellent job of classifying types of oral folk art. Khalel was one of the first scholars to consider folklore in unity with ethnographic data. The importance of this work is all the greater in our time, when national traditions and national consciousness are being revived.
The scientist published a rare example of oral folk art - 'aitys with spirits' - in the journal 'Sana' (1924, no. 2-3). He then went on to express his hypothesis on the origin and genesis of this oldest type of aitys, which was a valuable contribution to science.
KHALEL COLLECTED SAMPLES OF ORAL FOLK ART, ENRICHING OUR SPIRITUAL HERITAGE
On the basis of the materials he collected, Khalel prepared and published a preface and commentary to the books "Words of the Poet Murat" (1924), "Alaman" (1926), "Isatay-Makhambet" (1925). These three books are widely used in reprinting and researching the heritage of such poets as Makhambet, Murat, Ygylman, Kalniyaz and many others.
It is also to Khalel's merit that he was the first to honour the memory of the batyrs Isatay and Makhambet, who raised the spirit of the people and led them forward, by erecting a monument to them in words and making their names known to the entire Kazakh people. In 1924, his little article 'Kazakh Batyrs: Isatay and Makhambet' was published in the journal 'Saule' ('Kazakәdebyet - bilim kurasymy', No. 3, supplement to 'Akzhol', No. 416).
KHALEL IS THE FOUNDER OF THE SCIENCE OF MAHAMBET
In his small research work 'Makhambet batyr', he reveals the origin of the batyr and notes Makhambet was not only a batyr, but also a zhyrau and a dombrist. He also stresses: 'He was a man of a fiery character... Makhambet was able to ignite the people and carry them away with him.
Makhambet was an outstanding zhyrau, but much of his work has been lost. Khalel used 'words preserved among the people', recorded by the poet Murat.
Makhambet was an outstanding zhyrau, but much of his work has been lost. Khalel used 'words preserved among the people', recorded by the poet Murat.
In his studies 'Kazakh batyrs: Isatay-Makhambet' and 'Makhambet batyr', he has comprehensively highlighted the environment in which these two outstanding heroes grew up, their origins, the political and social environment of the time, the double oppression by the Tsarist government and Khan Zhangir. Khalel gave a detailed account of how they led an armed uprising for the freedom of their people and sacrificed their lives for this struggle.
In 1924, he published the book 'Words of the Poet Murat' in Tashkent. In the preface to the book he said: A person writing the history of the Kazakh people cannot ignore the words of such poets as Murat.
On the one hand, Murat was a chronicler who knew the past; on the other, he was a popular poet who expressed the sorrows and aspirations of his people. His work is invaluable for the history of literature,' he concluded.
In the book, he gave explanations to 248 names found in the dastans 'Yish kiyan' and 'Saryarka', and in the zhyrs 'Kaztugan', 'Shalkiiz', 'Atten bir kap duniye-ai' and 'Karasai-Qazi'. Among them, he explained 62 personal names and 186 geographical names, indicating their exact location. This testifies to Khalel's profound knowledge of toponymy.
Khalel played a great role in compiling the shezhire of the Kazakh people. He wrote that within the Younger Juz there are the tribes of Әlim, Bayuly and Zhetiru, which together are called Alshyn, and the people call themselves ‘Үsh Alshyn’.
The scholar listed in detail the 25 clans that inhabited the Younger Juz, indicating the areas of their settlement in Kazakhstan and quoting the battle cries (uran) of each clan.
HALEL – LINGUIST
Khalel Dosmukhamedov was the founder of Kazakh terminology, a linguist who left an indelible scientific legacy. He conducted research into the phonetics and orthography of the Kazakh language, literary language and the history of Turkic languages.
In 1924, the scientist published a book in Tashkent entitled 'The Law of Singharmonism in the Kazakh-Kirghiz Language'. In this work he wrote: 'Singharmonism, when we speak in Kazakh, means coherence, similarity'.
Syngarmonism is a special feature unique to the Turkic language..... Instead of the term 'harmony of vowels', we consider it more correct to use the term 'harmony of sounds'. There are no words or word changes in the Kazakh-Kyrgyz language that do not obey the law of syngarmonism,' he concluded.
Khalel is a scientist who has developed and implemented a scientific programme for the spiritual development of our people.
In 1923, the Talap Society was founded in Tashkent, the capital of the Turkestan Autonomous Republic. Khalel Dosmukhameduly was one of its six ordinary members. The Society was engaged in important and urgent tasks necessary for the people:
A) the study of the literary language of the Kazakh-Kyrgyz peoples, scientific terminology, orthography and other linguistic issues;
B) the study of architectural art;
C) the organisation and improvement of the educational system in Kazakh-Kyrgyz schools;
D) the support of writers and artists of the Kazakh-Kyrgyz peoples.
Khalel Dosmukhamedov not only contributed to solving the above-mentioned problems of 'promoting the cultural development of the Kazakh-Kirghiz people', but also bore the brunt of this work for seven years. In doing so, he illuminated his people with the light of cultural enlightenment.
KHALEL - SCIENTIST-EDUCATOR, ORGANISER OF KAZAKH SCHOOLS AND HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS
From 1920 Khalel worked as a teacher at the People's Educational Institute in Tashkent.
In 1923 he became Chairman of the Scientific Council of the Turkestan Republic.
From the same year he headed the 'Kyrgyz-Kazakh Educational Commission'.
He was also one of the founders of the Talap Society, established to develop the culture of the Kazakh-Kyrgyz people.
Together with Kazakh figures such as T. Zhurgenov and S. Saduakasov. Khalel gave speeches and wrote articles arguing for the establishment of national higher education institutions.
In October 1929, the Kazakh State University (now KazNPU) was opened in Almaty on the basis of the Pedagogical Institute in Tashkent. Khalel took an active part in its organisation and was appointed first vice-rector.
In 1924 Khalel was elected a corresponding member of the Central Bureau of Local History of the Russian Academy.
He was promoted to associate professor in 1927 and professor in 1929.
At that time, when Kazakh schools were being opened en masse in different regions, he actively participated in the creation of a new educational system, the development of textbooks in the national language, and also had a great influence on the writing of textbooks on psychology, pedagogy and literature by such scientists as M. Zhumabaev, J. Aimauytov, M. Omarkhanov, Әuezov and others.
Khalel skilfully combined educational activities with the publication of textbooks in Kazakh, writing science textbooks in his native language.
In the 1920s, he made a significant contribution to the development of science and education in the Kazakh steppe, promoting the opening of boarding schools for nomads, the production of educational materials, teacher training and the development of various scientific fields.
KHALEL IS A SCIENTIST WHO WAS THE FIRST TO WRITE SCIENCE TEXTBOOKS IN HIS NATIVE LANGUAGE
The eminent scientist, who was working on the first science textbooks in his mother tongue, was aware of the responsibility of this task and wrote:
'Up to that time there was not a single book on science in Kazakh, except for Akhmet's 'Til-qural'. Since we had no model, it was extremely difficult to write a scientific book. The Kazakh language was not adapted to the scientific style, its terminology was not yet organised. Therefore, it was time to familiarise the Kazakh language with science and direct it in a scientific direction.
When translating scientific knowledge into our language, the most important thing is the correct and understandable translation of scientific terms. Giving correct and understandable scientific terms in Kazakh is a very difficult task. Although creating scientific terminology is difficult at first, it is a very necessary task.
In the first books, therefore, the development of appropriate scientific terms is more important than the pursuit of artistic expression and the slenderness of language.
This first extremely responsible, complex and labour-intensive work in the history of Kazakh science was carried out by Khalel Dosmukhamedov. It gave Kazakh readers the opportunity to study science in their mother tongue.
His book 'Zhanuarlar' ('Animals') was first published in Tashkent in 1922 with a print run of 35,000 copies. Later, in 1927, it was reprinted in Kyzylorda and Moscow.
His other works are:
- ‘Natural Science’ - 1922.
- ‘Preservation of pupils’ health’ - Tashkent, 1925.
- ‘Physiology of Man’ - Kyzylorda-Moscow, 1927.
- Kazakh-Russian dictionary of natural sciences
- ‘About bony fishes’ - 1928.
KHALEL IS A JOURNALIST, TRANSLATOR AND PUBLISHER
From 1913, Khalel took up the pen and began to participate in the work of the press. During this period he regularly wrote articles for the newspapers Oral, Pikir and Kazak.
Khalel wrote scientifically significant articles on language, public education, history, medicine and treatment in the pages of newspapers and magazines such as 'Sholpan', 'Akzhol', 'Yenbekshi kazak', 'Saule'. He founded the magazine Sana under the Kyrgyz-Kazakh Commission and became its editor.
In 1923 he headed the department of the State Scientific Publishing House of Turkestan.
Together with Professor Polivanov, Khalel prepared for printing and edited the book "Additional materials to the history of Sultan Kenesary" (1923), as well as collections of zhyrs "Kyz Zhibek" (1923) and "Kenesary-Nauryzbay" (1923).
In 1923, Khalel opened the journal "Sana" under the "Kazakh-Kyrgyz Commission" and became its editor. The magazine set itself the task of working in 52 directions in the field of public education, and most of them were successfully implemented.
He also worked on popular science translations, broadening the horizons of readers. Khalel translated books by Y. Vanger: 'Stories about how our body is organised and works' (Denelerimizdinң tүzelui men zhұmys қыluy, 1924) and 'Stories about the life and organisation of plants' (Өсімдімдіктердің тіршілігі мен түzelui туралы әңгімелер, 1924). He also wrote a book in Russian in 1918 and 1924 entitled 'How to fight the plague among the Kazakh population'.